Alkene and Bromine Reaction - Ethene, Propene
Alkenes react with liquid bromine to give alkyl bromides as the product. This reaction is an electrophilic addition reaction. Both bromine atoms in the bromine molecule are added to the Carbon atoms through the double bond of alkene.
Content
- Reaction of alkene and liquid bromine
- Reactants and reagents of reaction
- What is liquid bromine?
- Alkene
- How to identify the reaction is completed or going on?
- Examples and mechanisms of alkenes and bromine reactions
- Reaction of Ethene and bromine
- Products of ethene and Bromine reaction
- Mechanism of ethene and bromine reaction
- Reaction of Propene and Bromine
- Products of Propene and Bromine reaction
- Propene and bromine reaction mechanism
- Reactions of Alkene and liquid bromine in the presence of other halide ions
Reaction of alkene and liquid bromine
If one double exists in the alkene molecule, it reacts with one molecule of Br2 and two bromine atoms are added to the alkene to give an alkyl halide compounds. This reaction proves, alkenes are unsaturated organic compounds.
Reactants, reagents of reaction
Liquid bromine and an alkene compound is used as reagents.
What is liquid bromine?
Liquid bromine is prepared by dissolving Br2 in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Br2 is a non-polar molecule and they dissolve in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride. Liquid bromine in carbon tetrachloride has red-brown colour.
Alkene
Alkene is a organic compound which contain a double bond between two carbon atoms.
How to identify the reaction is completed or going on?
When liquid bromine is mixed with alkene compound, orange / brown colour of bromine liquid is reduced with time.
Examples and mechanisms of alkenes and bromine reactions
Here, we are going to discuss about some reactions and products of liquid bromine and alkenes such as ethene, propene, 2-butene and more. Mechanism of ethene and propene with liquid bromine are explained in detail also.
Ethene and Bromine reaction
Here, we discuss what are the products and what is the proposed mechanism for the reaction of ethene (C2H4) and bromine.
Products of ethene and Bromine reaction
When you observe the lewis structure of Ethene molecule, you can see it is a symmetric alkene molecule. Ethene reacts with liquid bromine to give 1,2-dibromoethane (C2H4Br2). Ethene and bromine reaction also gives a symmetrical alkyl halide compound. Two bromine atoms are attached to the two carbon atoms in the ethene molecule. This reaction can be done at room temperature or below temperatures than room temperature.
Mechanism of ethene and bromine reaction
Addition of bromine to ethene is an electrophilic addition reaction. Normally, bromine molecule (Br2) is not electron deficiency compound. But due to higher electrons density in the double bond of ethene, bromine molecule gets polarized. The most closed atom of bromine molecule to the double bond is positively charged (Brδ+) and other bromine atom gets negatively charged (Brδ-).
The positively charged bromine atom (electron deficiency atom) is attacked by the double bond and make bonds with both carbon atoms of double bond. Other bromine molecule forms a bromide ion.
A cyclic brominium ion is given as the intermediate product. Next, one carbon atom in the brominium ion is attacked by bromide ion (Br-). Then a bond between Br- and that carbon atom is formed and existing bromine - carbon bond in the ring is broken. A dibromide compound is formed as the only product. No minor products are given in this reaction.
Ethene and bromine reaction is a electrophilic addition reaction.
Br&#delta;+ is an electrophile and it starts the reaction. Also it adds to through the pi bond. Hence we call this reaction is an electrophilic addition reaction.
Reaction of Propene and Bromine
Here we will discuss how Propene reacts with liquid bromine and what products will be given.
Products of Propene and Bromine reaction
Propene reacts with bromine and two bromine atoms added to the propene molecule give the 1,2-dibromopropane. Two bromine atoms are added to the carbon atoms where double bond was. In earlier example, Ethene was a non polar alkene. But, propene is a polar molecule. This reaction is also an electrophilic addition reaction.
Propene and bromine reaction mechanism
As bromine addition to ethene, propene and bromine reaction occurs in same way.
First, Br2 molecule is polarized by alkene bond. With that, electrons in the double bond attacks the positively charged Br atom and forms a cyclic bromonium ion. Other Bromine atom is eliminated as a bromide ion.
As second step, produced bromide ion attacks a carbon atom which has a bond with other bromine atom. Then one of previous carbon - bromine bond is broken and a new carbon - bromine bond forms.
Reactions of Alkene and liquid bromine in the presence of other halide ions
In this case, we have to go to the mechanism of the reaction to understand what will happen and what are the other products can be given due to the presence of halide anions in the reaction medium. Halide ions can be given from Sodium chloride or Sodium iodide or from a such salt.
- In the reaction mechanism, Br+ is the only cation and it is connected to the two carbon atoms which had the double bond. So it forms cyclic brominium ion.
- In next step, Br- or Cl- or I- can connect to give three different products if both Cl- and I- are in the presence with Br2.
Propene and bromine in the presence of Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Following product may be given.
- 1,2-dibromopropane (CH3CHBrCH2Br)
- 1-bromo-2-chloropropane (CH3CHClCH2Br)
According to the anion concentration, major product is given by higher concentrated anion.
Questions
What is the differences of bromine reaction with ethene and ethyne?
Ethene and ethyne are alkene and alkyne respectively. Alkyne compounds also react with bromine liquid and give alkyl halides as products. But difference is alkyne can reacts with two bromine molecules while alkene is limited to one bromine molecule if these is only one double bond in the alkene compound. So four bromine atoms will be added to the ethyne molecule when excess bromine liquid is added. Otherwise only two bromine atoms will br added.
What is the product of the propene and bromine and its IUPAC name?
1,2-dibromopropane is the IUPAC name of the product which is an alkyl dihalide compound.
Importance of alkene and bromine reaction
The product, alkyl dihalide are used to produce alkyne. 1,2-dibromoethane is treated with alcoholic KOH to prepare ethyne.
Preparing 1,2-dibromoethane without Br2 liquid
You want to prepare 1,2-dibromoethane from ethene. But you do not have liquid bromine to do this conversion. Then, suggest a method this can be done.
Solution
Ethene reacts with cold alkali KMnO4 (Baeyer's reagent). It gives ethane-1,2-diol.
Next ethane-1,2-diol reacts with PBr3 or HBr to produce 1,2-dibromoethane.
What is the name of the reaction when propene reacts with bromine?
Due to addition of two bromine atoms through double bond, this is an addition reaction. And Brδ+ which is an electrophile starts the reaction. So this reaction is an electrophilic addition reaction.
what type of organic reaction between propene and bromine water?
An electrophilic addition reaction occurs. First, a bromine atom is added to the propene through double bond. Due to predence of water, there are hydroxyl ions with bromide ion. So in the seconsd step, hydroxyl ions can be added to cyclic brominium ion like bromide ions.
Can identify benzene and alkene from this reaction
Here we are going to identify benzene and alkene from the comparing of reaction with bromine.
Benzene and bromine reaction
Benzene does not react with Br22 / CCl4. Therefore brown/ orange colour is not changed with time.
But with alkene, orange colour of bromine is reduced due to the reaction.
According to the colour difference, benzene and alkene can be identified.
Ethyne with bromine
As alkene, alkynes also react with bromine liquid. When there is excess bromine, four bromine atoms are added to the alkyne. So, ethyne reacts with bromine liquid to produce tetrabromoethane.